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Providing care to an older adult is often physically demanding. In NSOC, 20 percent of all caregivers and 39 percent of high-need caregivers reported that providing care was physically difficult. Caregiving tasks such as transfers, lifts, bathing, dressing, and repositioning the care recipient place physical strain on the caregiver and may result in musculoskeletal injury such as back ache, muscle strain, and contusions (Brown and Mulley, 1997; Darragh et al., 2015; Hartke et al., 2006). These effects are likely to be exacerbated among older caregivers with impaired vestibular function, limited motion due to arthritis, and weakness due to age-related changes in muscle mass. The risk of injury is further compounded by the home environments of the care recipient, which may include small spaces, crowded and cluttered rooms, and steep stairways (NRC, 2011). Although reliable data on injury rates among caregivers are not available, the fact that paid home health aides as well as home care nursing and rehabilitation personnel sustain high rates of work-related musculoskeletal disorders suggests that this is likely to be a problem among family caregivers as well. Workplace injuries among direct-care workers that result in time away from work are four times the average rate of all occupations (BLS, 2007). Mitigating injuries related to caregiving requires a careful assessment of the home environment, an understanding of caregiving task demands, and the physical capabilities of the caregiver. This information can then be used to develop a treatment plan that may involve home alterations, caregiver training on how to safely perform required caregiving tasks, and the use of paid professionals to perform tasks that place the caregiver at risk of injury (Cornman-Levy et al., 2001).

Biological indicators include a broad array of measures aimed at assessing physiological markers that are thought to be responsive to chronic stress exposure and affect downstream illness and disease. These markers include measures of stress hormones and neurotransmitters such as cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine; measures of immunologic function such as natural killer cell activity and healing response to a standardized skin puncture wound (wound healing); antibody markers such as vaccination response; cardiovascular markers such as blood pressure and heart rate; and metabolic markers such as insulin, transferrin, and plasma lipids (Vitaliano et al., 2003). These markers have been studied primarily in case control studies comparing stressed dementia caregivers with demographically similar non-caregiving controls. In a meta-analysis of the literature in this area, Vitaliano and colleagues (2003) found moderately sized statistically significant differences between dementia caregivers and controls, indicating more adverse effects among dementia caregivers. Subsequent studies have shown an increased risk of cardiometabolic changes and increased Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Scores in dementia caregivers as well as proinflammatory changes and accelerated aging of the immune system (i.e., telomere erosion) (Damjanovic et al., 2007; Haley et al., 2010; Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2003; Mausbach et al., 2007; von Känel et al., 2008). A recent study also examined kidney function in dementia caregivers over a study period of up to 3 years, but found no differences between caregivers and non-caregivers, possibly because the follow-up period was not long enough (von Känel et al., 2012). While the preponderance of evidence suggests an association between caregiving and physiological function, it is important to keep in mind that the caregivers selected for these studies are typically moderately to highly stressed dementia caregivers and therefore the generalizability of findings may be limited. In addition, some researchers have questioned the choice of control subjects in these case control studies, which may not adequately control for preexisting differences between caregivers and non-caregivers (O'Reilly et al., 2015).

There are several references available that pertain to the Woltring Filter. In-depth information about this filter can be found at the International Society of Biomechanics web page. The direct web address is:

If a Firestick is jailbroken, it means you can download and install apps from outside of Amazon's official Fire TV app store. This is done by going to\u00a0Settings > Device > Developer options and toggling on\u00a0Apps from unknown sources.\nThe term \"jailbreaking\" often refers to the process of modifying device firmware and\/or gaining root access to a device. Rooting a Fire TV is more difficult and is unnecessary for most users, so it's beyond the scope of this article.","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Paul Bischoff","description":"Paul is Comparitech\u2019s editor and a regular commentator on cyber security and privacy topics in national and international media including New York Times, BBC, Forbes, The Guardian and many others. He's been writing about the tech industry since 2012 for publications like Tech in Asia, Mashable, and various startup blogs. \nPaul has an in-depth knowledge of VPNs, having been an early adopter while looking to access the open internet during this time in China.\nHe previously worked in Beijing as an editor for Tech in Asia, and has been writing and reporting on technology for the last decade. He has also volunteered as a teacher for older adults learning basic tech literacy and cyber awareness. You can find him on Twitter at @pabischoff.\n","url":"https:\/\/www.comparitech.com\/author\/paul-bischoff\/"}}},{"@type":"Question","name":"Can my cable provider block a Firestick?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Yes, internet providers can block internet access to a Firestick, but in most cases they would have no reason to do so.\nIt's much more likely that a cable provider would block access to specific websites or streaming sources rather than blocking all access to a device in your home. If you're using Kodi on a Fire TV to stream pirated video, for example, then your ISP would block the source of the video rather than your Fire TV's internet access.","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Paul Bischoff","description":"Paul is Comparitech\u2019s editor and a regular commentator on cyber security and privacy topics in national and international media including New York Times, BBC, Forbes, The Guardian and many others. He's been writing about the tech industry since 2012 for publications like Tech in Asia, Mashable, and various startup blogs. \nPaul has an in-depth knowledge of VPNs, having been an early adopter while looking to access the open internet during this time in China.\nHe previously worked in Beijing as an editor for Tech in Asia, and has been writing and reporting on technology for the last decade. He has also volunteered as a teacher for older adults learning basic tech literacy and cyber awareness. You can find him on Twitter at @pabischoff.\n","url":"https:\/\/www.comparitech.com\/author\/paul-bischoff\/"}}},{"@type":"Question","name":"Why does my Firestick keep saying critically low storage?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"There are several reasons why your Fire TV Stick will alert you about critically low storage. You might have too many apps, too many user profiles, or they may be some data caches that aren't getting cleared. If deleting apps and profiles doesn't work, you might try using a file manager like ES File Explorer to manually delete files. A catch-all solution is to perform a factory reset, though this will delete all your apps and stored data.","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Paul Bischoff","description":"Paul is Comparitech\u2019s editor and a regular commentator on cyber security and privacy topics in national and international media including New York Times, BBC, Forbes, The Guardian and many others. He's been writing about the tech industry since 2012 for publications like Tech in Asia, Mashable, and various startup blogs. \nPaul has an in-depth knowledge of VPNs, having been an early adopter while looking to access the open internet during this time in China.\nHe previously worked in Beijing as an editor for Tech in Asia, and has been writing and reporting on technology for the last decade. He has also volunteered as a teacher for older adults learning basic tech literacy and cyber awareness. You can find him on Twitter at @pabischoff.\n","url":"https:\/\/www.comparitech.com\/author\/paul-bischoff\/"}}},{"@type":"Question","name":"What else can a Firestick do?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Aside from watching videos on streaming services, you can use your Firestick to play games, listen to music and the radio, or read the news. It also serves as a handy paperweight.\nMany Kodi users prefer Firesticks to stream live and on-demand video from other sources. Check out our article on how to install Kodi on Firestick.","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Paul Bischoff","description":"Paul is Comparitech\u2019s editor and a regular commentator on cyber security and privacy topics in national and international media including New York Times, BBC, Forbes, The Guardian and many others. He's been writing about the tech industry since 2012 for publications like Tech in Asia, Mashable, and various startup blogs. \nPaul has an in-depth knowledge of VPNs, having been an early adopter while looking to access the open internet during this time in China.\nHe previously worked in Beijing as an editor for Tech in Asia, and has been writing and reporting on technology for the last decade. He has also volunteered as a teacher for older adults learning basic tech literacy and cyber awareness. You can find him on Twitter at @pabischoff.\n","url":"https:\/\/www.comparitech.com\/author\/paul-bischoff\/"}}},{"@type":"Question","name":"Can I use Firestick in another country?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Yes, but without a VPN, you\u2019ll be limited to content that\u2019s available in that country. If you visit Spain and try to watch Hulu, for example, you\u2019ll be blocked because Hulu is only available to US residents. Use a VPN to switch your location to match the streaming service you want to use.","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Paul Bischoff","description":"Paul is Comparitech\u2019s editor and a regular commentator on cyber security and privacy topics in national and international media including New York Times, BBC, Forbes, The Guardian and many others. He's been writing about the tech industry since 2012 for publications like Tech in Asia, Mashable, and various startup blogs. \nPaul has an in-depth knowledge of VPNs, having been an early adopter while looking to access the open internet during this time in China.\nHe previously worked in Beijing as an editor for Tech in Asia, and has been writing and reporting on technology for the last decade. He has also volunteered as a teacher for older adults learning basic tech literacy and cyber awareness. You can find him on Twitter at @pabischoff.\n","url":"https:\/\/www.comparitech.com\/author\/paul-bischoff\/"}}},{"@type":"Question","name":"Do VPNs work with every version of Firestick and Fire TV?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"No, not all VPNs work with every version of Firestick and Fire TV. However, this issue is usually only limited to the very first generation of Fire Sticks (launched in 2014). Chances are that your device is not as old as this, particularly because they have long since been discontinued. As such, you shouldn\u2019t have any issue using your VPN with your Amazon Firestick or Fire TV as long as it offers apps for these devices.","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Paul Bischoff","description":"Paul is Comparitech\u2019s editor and a regular commentator on cyber security and privacy topics in national and international media including New York Times, BBC, Forbes, The Guardian and many others. He's been writing about the tech industry since 2012 for publications like Tech in Asia, Mashable, and various startup blogs. \nPaul has an in-depth knowledge of VPNs, having been an early adopter while looking to access the open internet during this time in China.\nHe previously worked in Beijing as an editor for Tech in Asia, and has been writing and reporting on technology for the last decade. He has also volunteered as a teacher for older adults learning basic tech literacy and cyber awareness. You can find him on Twitter at @pabischoff.\n","url":"https:\/\/www.comparitech.com\/author\/paul-bischoff\/"}}},{"@type":"Question","name":"Can I use a free VPN for my Firestick?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"There are some free VPNs that support Amazon Firestick. However, there are some issues to consider. In particular, most of these free VPNs have limited data allowances so you won\u2019t be able to use them for streaming. In most cases, you\u2019ll suffer from slow speeds. Furthermore, they typically have only a very small number of servers available in even fewer locations. This makes unblocking region-locked content all the more challenging.","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Paul Bischoff","description":"Paul is Comparitech\u2019s editor and a regular commentator on cyber security and privacy topics in national and international media including New York Times, BBC, Forbes, The Guardian and many others. He's been writing about the tech industry since 2012 for publications like Tech in Asia, Mashable, and various startup blogs. \nPaul has an in-depth knowledge of VPNs, having been an early adopter while looking to access the open internet during this time in China.\nHe previously worked in Beijing as an editor for Tech in Asia, and has been writing and reporting on technology for the last decade. He has also volunteered as a teacher for older adults learning basic tech literacy and cyber awareness. You can find him on Twitter at @pabischoff.\n","url":"https:\/\/www.comparitech.com\/author\/paul-bischoff\/"}}},{"@type":"Question","name":"Can a VPN cause software issues with my FireStick?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"No. Installing a VPN is a simple, easily-reversible process that is no different from installing any other app. If you've sideloaded a VPN app, it's possible that it'll be slightly more difficult to navigate (since it wasn't designed to be used on a Firestick), but there shouldn't be any problems as far as functionality goes.","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Paul Bischoff","description":"Paul is Comparitech\u2019s editor and a regular commentator on cyber security and privacy topics in national and international media including New York Times, BBC, Forbes, The Guardian and many others. He's been writing about the tech industry since 2012 for publications like Tech in Asia, Mashable, and various startup blogs. \nPaul has an in-depth knowledge of VPNs, having been an early adopter while looking to access the open internet during this time in China.\nHe previously worked in Beijing as an editor for Tech in Asia, and has been writing and reporting on technology for the last decade. He has also volunteered as a teacher for older adults learning basic tech literacy and cyber awareness. You can find him on Twitter at @pabischoff.\n","url":"https:\/\/www.comparitech.com\/author\/paul-bischoff\/"}}},{"@type":"Question","name":"Will a VPN unblock Netflix US on a Fire Stick?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Yes. A VPN can be used to unblock Netflix US on a Fire Stick. Netflix has been trying hard to crack down on people using VPNs and proxy servers to watch content that is not available in their country. However, NordVPN is a great choice as they have a superb easy-to-use Firestick app.","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Paul Bischoff","description":"Paul is Comparitech\u2019s editor and a regular commentator on cyber security and privacy topics in national and international media including New York Times, BBC, Forbes, The Guardian and many others. He's been writing about the tech industry since 2012 for publications like Tech in Asia, Mashable, and various startup blogs. \nPaul has an in-depth knowledge of VPNs, having been an early adopter while looking to access the open internet during this time in China.\nHe previously worked in Beijing as an editor for Tech in Asia, and has been writing and reporting on technology for the last decade. He has also volunteered as a teacher for older adults learning basic tech literacy and cyber awareness. You can find him on Twitter at @pabischoff.\n","url":"https:\/\/www.comparitech.com\/author\/paul-bischoff\/"}}},{"@type":"Question","name":"Is every VPN compatible with a Firestick?","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Not every VPN is compatible with Amazon Firestick. Many don\u2019t offer apps for Amazon Firestick or Fire TV which makes it that much more difficult (but not impossible) to get set up. That\u2019s why it\u2019s worth sticking with those recommended in this post, all of which provide the relevant apps to make the process quicker and easier. If you already have a VPN and find it doesn\u2019t have an app for Firestick, there are ways around this such as installing the VPN on your wifi router.","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Paul Bischoff","description":"Paul is Comparitech\u2019s editor and a regular commentator on cyber security and privacy topics in national and international media including New York Times, BBC, Forbes, The Guardian and many others. He's been writing about the tech industry since 2012 for publications like Tech in Asia, Mashable, and various startup blogs. \nPaul has an in-depth knowledge of VPNs, having been an early adopter while looking to access the open internet during this time in China.\nHe previously worked in Beijing as an editor for Tech in Asia, and has been writing and reporting on technology for the last decade. He has also volunteered as a teacher for older adults learning basic tech literacy and cyber awareness. You can find him on Twitter at @pabischoff.\n","url":"https:\/\/www.comparitech.com\/author\/paul-bischoff\/"}}}]} {"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.comparitech.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Blog","item":"https:\/\/www.comparitech.com\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"VPN & Privacy","item":"https:\/\/www.comparitech.com\/blog\/vpn-privacy\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"VPN on Amazon Firestick","item":"https:\/\/www.comparitech.com\/blog\/vpn-privacy\/install-vpn-amazon-fire-tv-stick\/"}]}BlogVPN & PrivacyVPN on Amazon Firestick We are funded by our readers and may receive a commission when you buy using links on our site. How to install a VPN on Firestick/Fire TV We'll take you through a step-by-step guide and video on how to set up your VPN on Amazon's Firestick, Fire TV or Fire Cube. We'll also show you some VPNs with dedicated Firestick apps. Paul Bischoff TECH WRITER, PRIVACY ADVOCATE AND VPN EXPERT @pabischoff UPDATED: January 7, 2023 body.single .section.main-content.sidebar-active .col.grid-item.sidebar.span_1_of_3 { float: right; } body.single .section.main-content.sidebar-active .col.grid-item.content.span_2_of_3 { margin-left: 0; } 2b1af7f3a8